Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates

BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES Market Decisions On the advertising side, trade rates can influence interest for a company’s items at home and abroad. A nation, for example, Mexico may drive down the estimation of its money if its fares become excessively costly inferable from generally high swelling. Despite the fact that expansion would cause the peso estimation of the Mexican items to rise, the debasement implies that it takes less remote money to purchase the pesos, along these lines permitting the Mexican items to remain competitive.One fascinating repercussion of a peso devaluation is the effect of the less expensive Mexican products on exporters from different nations. For instance, the less expensive Mexican products flooding the market in Argentina may remove piece of the pie from Italian exporters, in this manner influencing the Italian economy. A genuine case of the promoting effect of conversion standard changes is the issue that Japanese vehicle makers were having offering to the United States in 1986 and 1987 because of the sharp ascent in the estimation of the yen.As the dollar fell 47 percent against the yen in the 16 months finishing off with December 1986, Japanese vehicle organizations found that their cost advantage had vanished, costs must be expanded, and overall revenues must be cut so as to stay serious. What's more, Korean vehicles were making advances because of the low expenses and costs of Korean items. In this manner a money deterioration could bring about outside items getting so costly in a nation like the United States that U. S. roducts before long would get piece of the overall industry from imports. The key is whether the level of downgrading surpasses the relative increment in swelling. On account of Japan, the fortifying of the Japanese yen in the last piece of 1990 was profitable to the Japanese in one senseâ€the cost of imports. Oil costs soar in late 1990 as Iraq attacked Kuwait, and oil is valued in dollars. Since the yen was ascending against the dollar, the more grounded yen balance the greater expense of oil.Production Decisions Production choices likewise could be influenced by a conversion scale change. A producer in a nation with high wages and working costs may be enticed to find creation in a nation, for example, Argentina (where the austral is quickly losing esteem) in light of the fact that a remote cash could purchase loads of aus-trals, making the underlying venture moderately modest. Another explanation behind situating in a nation, for example, Argentina is that products fabricated there would be moderately modest in world markets.However, a firm could achieve a similar reason by setting off to any nation whose cash is required to stay frail corresponding to that of the parent-nation money. The appeal of a powerless cash nation must be offset with the possible issues of contributing there. Budgetary Decisions The last business region where trade rates have any kind of effect is in account, The territories of money that are most influenced are the sourcing of monetary re-sources, the settlement of assets across national outskirts, and the budgetary statements.There may be an impulse to get cash where loan costs are least. Notwithstanding, we referenced prior that loan fee differentials frequently are made up for in the currency markets through swapping scale changes. In the territory of money related streams, a parent organization would need to change over neighborhood cash into the parent’s own cash when trade rates are generally ideal with the goal that it can expand its arrival. In any case, nations with powerless monetary standards regularly have cash controls, making it hard to deal with the progression of assets optimally.Finally, swapping scale changes likewise can impact the announcing of money related outcomes. A basic model can show the effect that trade rates can have on pay . On the off chance that the Mexican auxiliary of a U. S. organization acquires 100 million pesos when the conversion scale is 200 pesos for every dollar, what might be compared to salary is $500,000. On the off chance that the peso devalues to 300 pesos for each dollar, what might be compared to pay tumbles to $333,333.The inverse would happen if the neighborhood money acknowledges against the parent cash. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE The worldwide money related framework has experienced critical change in the previous two decades. As the verifiably arranged economies experience a change to showcase economies, they will feel critical weight on their trade rates. High paces of swelling and frail interest for those monetary standards will prompt major devaluationsâ€certainly a key factor influencing the Russian rouble in March and April of 1991.The European Monetary System should proceed to reinforce, and national financial arrangements will be facilitated all the more intently as the Eu ropeans draw nearer to a typical money. Be that as it may, the more vulnerable economies of a portion of the new participants into the EC will keep on plagueing harmonization and the issues emerging during the reunification of Germany will shield the German imprint from taking off excessively high against the monetary standards of the other EC individuals. The absolute most intriguing changes with regards to cash esteems will occur in the â€Å"more flexible† category.Countries in the â€Å"adjusted as per a lot of indicators† and â€Å"other oversaw floating† classifications need to oversee their economies so as to move to the â€Å"independently floating† classification. Nations in the last class are feeling the squeeze to control swelling and to shield from being enticed to intercede in the business sectors. Firms will confront steady strain to comprehend the elements impacting specific trade rates and to alter corporate procedure fully expecting rate developments. Their activity will possibly get simpler if swapping scale unpredictability decreases

Pressure Sores Hospitalized Patient

Question: Talk about the Pressure Sores for Hospitalized Patient. Answer: Presentation: The impact of weight ulcers on the individual fulfillment of the patient can't be overemphasized, as it can crush a patient. Weight ulcers that are equal to pressure wounds, pressure wounds, pressure harms bed bruises are regular among patients who have been hospitalized for extensive stretches. They result when a piece of the skin gets harmed over an all-encompassing period in light of the fact that the blood gracefully to that are is deficient or cut off. The condition grows fundamentally in light of the fact that patients sit or lie in a comparable situation for a really long time (Mahalingam et al., 2014). As per Gage (2015), pressure ulcers are additionally as limited types of scraped spot on the skin or in the tissue that is fundamental. Much of the time, this typically occurs over a hard noticeable quality like the elbow. In view of the weight or the weight in addition to the twisting of the site which is credited to erosion from material. Contingent upon the degree of the injury, the ulcer is delegated fractional thickness loss of skin that includes the epidermis or the dermis. The incomplete thickness is basically shallow, and it happens clinically as a scratch, a swollen pit or a sore. A weight ulcer can in different occasions found as a strange redness or erythematous spot due to enlarging veins inside the skin (Gage, 2015). Mahalingam et al., (2014) accepts that the blushed part remain for what it's worth for longer than 30 minutes after weight is decreased. In context of the way that Pressure ulcer has been noted to decrease the individual fulfillment of the victims, this point is basic and relevant to a significant degree for Nurses and diverse parental figures required with the treatment and administrations of PUs in individuals having learning failure (Mahalingam et al., 2014). Among the numerous reasons behind concentrate, this particular topic is according to the accompanying: Pressure ulcers are an essential explanation behind ailment, mortality and wellbeing administrations trouble globally and that a strong bit of the cases is avoidable. Investigating PUs from the perspectives of treatment and administrations, it has been watched that both treatment and administrations are capital escalated. Be that as it may, it is also preventable. It is basic to assemble more endeavors at limiting the occasion of PUs, rather than wasting resources on treatment, which might be counterproductive, especially in diabetic patients (European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (Mahalingam et al., 2014). The patients will in general have a repeat of the condition, and it can demonstrate exorbitant over the long haul. Weight ulcers present genuine results on the flourishing of the patient, regardless, its treatment, neutralizing activity, and administrations are an exceptional need inside the clinical and course of action plan. It is important that patients get instructing on the impact of PUs on prosperity and individual fulfillment, meanwhile; it is their privilege to choose the informed decision about their consideration and treatment related to the remedial administrations provider. In addition, data delivered could be used to assess the total number cases with PUs inside a specific masses (for example normality) and the rate at which new Pressure Ulcers are occurring. It is achievable for patients to have a mix of a shortfall in tangible organs, memory issues, and Arnold-Chiari twisting. The better mix of prosperity conditions tended than fabricate the peril of making pressure ulcers (Gage, 2015). Current Nursing Management Practices of Pressure Ulcers A failure to precisely study and treat wounds will provoke to a powerlessness to patch. It is fundamental that a gifted master grasps the assessment system and courses of action the consideration. Productive injury administrations should consolidate appraisal, masterminding, administrations, reassessment, certification, trade, revealing, and survey. As indicated by EPUAP all patients with wounds should be reevaluated and recorded at any rate without fail and the treatment techniques and any changes in accordance with be talked about with the patient (Cushing Phillips, 2013). The past daily schedule of weight ulcer administrations was returned to adjust process which included clinical overseers washing and manipulating the weight zones of bedfast patients and applying an extent of lotions, creams, powder, oils, and spirits attempting to stay away from breakdown of the skin. In the event that a weight ulcer was to occur, at that point, drugs moved. They included: laying the patient on their side to reduce pressure and controlling oxygen, by putting a breathing gadget over the ulcer to keep up a dry circumstance. Setting a dressing of egg white over the affected zone, with the likelihood that it would recover the ulcer as a result of the protein substance of the egg (Gage, 2015). The treatment needs of a weight ulcer change after some time, with respect to both recovering and debilitating. Treatment techniques should be tenaciously re-surveyed considering the current status of the ulcer. All patients with wounds ought to have a sweeping assessment, including condition, cause, zone, site, estimations, exudates aggregate and sort, restorative status, neighborhood signs of tainting, torment, wound appearance, incorporating skin. Sabotaging/following, fragrance, examination of the skin as a material organ and the patient's learning and perception of their physical issue and general condition. The harm assessment should be recorded on an appropriate physical issue assessment instrument, inside 24 hours of admission to a recuperating focus setting and inside multi week of referral to important consideration. Cleaning and Wound Dressing So also, uncommon consideration and research to be done before picking the cleansing doctors to be used and the strategies for the injury dressing to be made and this differentiations in different cases. Wounds should simply be scoured when they are chaotic, with either warm normal saline or fixture water, and not once every day. By virtue of weight ulcer the injury may be filtered if there are any undeniable signs of garbage or if the ulcer is polluted with characteristic fluids. EPUAP recommends that sterilizers and immunizing agents poisons should not to be much of the time used; regardless, they may be viewed as when bacterial weights ought to be controlled or until the aggravation is reduced (Cushing Phillips, 2013). Situating and Repositioning Repositioning is a significant portion and is pushed to be the best procedure in the administrations of a weight ulcer diligent (Qaseem, Humphrey, Forciea, Starkey, Denberg, 2015). There are different meds required for the administrations of a weight ulcer understanding like healthy consideration, pressure decreasing/moderating surfaces and skin and wound consideration. Arranging of patients who put free occasions of vitality in a seat or wheelchair should consider, movement of weight, postural course of action, and backing of feet (Cooper, 2013). Weight redistributing sheets or other weight redistributing measures in the blend in with body repositioning are the guideline preventive measures for general and wiped out patients. Routinely turning immobilized in a general sense wiped out patients at ordinary interims is the recognized standard of training, yet it isn't reasonable all of the conditions and most fundamentally debilitated patients are not repositioned by standard (Qaseem, Humphrey, Forciea, Starkey, Denberg, 2015). Because of patients with pressure ulcers, instead of the standard mending community foam dozing cushion, higher-detail foam sheets should be supported. This will prompt upgrades in wellbeing results. No overwhelming device than a higher detail from resting cushion for Pressure ulcer patients. Weight ulcers are an extraordinary issue for hospitalized patients. It very well may be crushing particularly for families how have patients that are regularly resting. Fruitful administrations of patients at peril o f or with pressure ulcers are the best approach to achieving incredible clinical outcomes. While pressure redistributing surfaces can help in the administrations of patients in danger of weight ulceration, there is negligible open clinical affirmation on which is appropriate. The closeness of a physical issue may achieve mental difficulty to a couple of patients and hence practical correspondence with the patient is basic (Qaseem, Humphrey, Forciea, Starkey, Denberg, 2015). End Since pressure ulcers occur in patients who are fixed in the lion's offer occasions of debilitated patients, an occasion of the equivalent is believed to be a nursing issue. Clinical guardians are viewed as accountable for the assessment and abhorrence of weight ulcers and the piece of Doctors come only helper to the piece of a medical attendant in this specific case. All of the reviews and point by point looks at on the weight ulcer shows the requirement for an interdisciplinary methodology for the administrations of a weight ulcer taking an intrigue all degree of experts like doctors, medical caretakers, counselors, dieticians, doorkeepers, etc. It is the most significant responsibility of a medical attendant to lead advancing, reiterated examination of peril factors of weight ulcers since early acknowledgment and treatment are basic for the treatment framework (Cooper, 2013). References Cooper, K. (2013). Proof Based Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in the Intensive Care Unit.Critical Care Nurse,33(6), 57-66. https://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ccn2013985 Cushing, C. Phillips, L. (2013). Proof Based Medicine.Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery,132(6), 1720-1732. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/prs.0b013e3182a808ba Gage, W. (2015). Forestalling pressure ulcers in patients in escalated care.Nursing Standard,29(26), 53-61. https://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.29.26.53.e9657 Mahalingam, S., Gao, L., Nageshwaran, S., Vickers, C., Bottomley, T., Grewal, P. (2014). Improving weight ulcer hazard evaluation and the executives utilizing the Waterlow scale at a London educating hospital.Journal Of Wound Care,23(12), 613-622. https://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2014.23.

Meaning of Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Which means of Concepts - Essay Example The qualities must cover the entirety of the potential results of the occasion, while the all out probabilities must total to precisely 1, or 100%. For instance, a solitary coin flip can take esteems ‘Heads or Tails’ with a likelihood of precisely 1/2 for each; these two qualities and two probabilities make up the likelihood circulation of the single coin flipping occasion. For instance, a dart tossed at a dartboard has basically zero likelihood of arriving at a particular point, since a point is vanishingly little, however it has some likelihood of arriving inside a given territory. The likelihood of arriving inside the little zone of the bulls’ eye would (ideally) be more prominent than arriving on a comparable region somewhere else on the board. A smooth capacity that depicts the likelihood of landing anyplace on the dartboard is the likelihood dispersion of the dart tossing occasion. The indispensable of the likelihood thickness work (pdf) over the whole region of the dartboard (and, maybe, the divider encompassing it) must be equivalent to 1, since each dart must land some place. The ordinary appropriation, additionally called the Gaussian conveyance. In it every individual from the family might be characterized by two parameters, area and scale: the mean (normal, ÃŽ ¼) and fluctuation (standard deviation squared) ÏÆ'2, separately. Type I mistake, otherwise called a â€Å"error of the first kind†, â€Å"î ± error†, or a â€Å"false positive†, the blunder of dismissing an invalid theory when it is in reality evident. It happens when we are watching a distinction when in truth there is none. Type II blunder, otherwise called a â€Å"error of the second kind†, â€Å"î ² error†, or a â€Å"false negative†, the mistake of neglecting to dismiss an invalid speculation when the elective theory is the genuine condition of nature. At the end of the day, this is the mistake of neglecting to watch a distinction when in truth there is one. This kind of mistake can possibly happen when the analyst neglects to dismiss the invalid theory. The

Twelve Years a Slave Review - 550 Words

Twelve Years a Slave Review (Movie Review Sample) Content: Movie Analysis Name Institutional Affiliation Twelve Years a Slave is a movie that revolves around one man that is taken away mistakenly and has to serve as a slave for twelve years. Although he is the main person in the film, there are several other lessons that can be learnt from the rest of the actors in the film. Bell Hooks talks about black liberation and the way that blacks were treated back in the day served as their motivation to set themselves free. At the same time, she says that the way black people acted towards one another was in a way not so different from the way that the whites treated them back when they were slaves. In that regard, he said while they liberated themselves from the white man, they were still far from free. In the movie twelve years a slave, one is able to see how femininity was not given the respect that women in earlier years had fought for. Steve McQueen, an Afro-British man, brings out the pains of slavery through several of the actors, most of them black. In order to understand femininity in the movie, it is important to center on one character, Patsy, portrayed by Lupita Ny'ongo. She is a young girl in her advanced teenage years in her early twenties. Despite being hardworking, she is still able to face tribulations in the hands of her masters for different reasons. After finding out that she is hardworking and beats even the men at cotton picking, the man of the house becomes sexually attracted to her, while his wife, realizing her husband's attraction towards Patsy begins to hate her. Vision, as was brought out by Bell is an important part of understanding the message. In one of the scenes, the master beat up Patsy for having left the farm for a while. She is tied to a tree, stripped naked and given several vigorous strokes for the cane. At this stage, the camerawork applied should be given close attention. While she is being beaten, the camera for a few seconds focuses on her naked chest. Having this parts of her body exposed to the public was a message by the director; that Patsy was to the white man, a piece of property and thus there was no respect or any part of her. The movie also seems to appeal to the female audience through this scene. Apart from the exposure of her body, the camera also takes a close shot of her back while she is being beaten. One can see trhe lines ...

The Beginning Of The Second Industrialization Era

The beginning of the second industrialization era, sparked the migration of people from rural communities to the new for of urban society. In the United States people were attracted by the big cities due to new jobs created .For example Chicago â€Å"symbolized the growing urbanization: In 1860, the city s population was barely 109,000; thirty years later, it swelled to 1.1 million†. (Text) With the construction of a vast railroad system moving goods,cattle and people was a lot easier than ever. After 1880 American cities boomed, power cable cars replaced the horse car, and after the invention of electricity they were replaced too with streetcars and trolleys. Subways were constructed in New York Boston and Philadelphia, in order to prevent traffic jams. People with similar racial or ethnic backgrounds clustered together in the center of the cities. Suburbs were incorporated and formed large metropolis. Railroads companies built terminals gas and electricity were a new source of power for the city dwellers. By the 1920’s â€Å"Electricity drove technology in 1920s America, and technology helped drive prosperity. By 1928, two-thirds of the families in towns and cities had electricity in their homes, stimulating a huge demand for new appliances such as irons, vacuum cleaners, and the era s great economic engine: radio.† (Text) Immigration was another big challenge for the big cities. The one way ticket immigration began, immigrants were defined as males , in search of a good life in aShow MoreRelatedGlobalization : A Short History1720 Words   |  7 Pageskeep peace and order rather than starting violence. In Jujen Osterhammel and Niels P. Petersson’s book Globalization: A Short History, they investigate what led to globalization. They discuss events in history starting from the 1800s to the cold war era and what events led to globalization. Osterhammel and Petersson describe every event in details that have led to the world we live i n today. From there discussion, it is seen that Europe was a dominating continent with its allies scattered all aroundRead MoreVietnam War : A Peaceful, Independent, And Unified Vietnam1606 Words   |  7 Pages The pictures selected in this paper are particularly informative pieces that link Vietnam War with not only those who fighting the war, but also those who either directly or indirectly affected by the war, especially Japan in this case. At the beginning of the 60’s, the Japanese government renewed the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty or ANPO with America despite large-scale domestic public opposition, and thus maintained the U.S. occupation and its military bases in Okinawa. The ANPO movement in JapanRead MoreThe Antebellum Period And Jacksonian Democracy Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pageschanges would eventually deconstruct America into two factions that would go to war in 1861. 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This meant that the wife was forced to give all her land she possessed to her husband, and could not sign for anything withoutRead MoreIndustrialization During The Industrial Revolution1180 Words   |  5 PagesIndustrialization in America The Industrial Revolution in the US occurred over a period stretching for over a century, as the production of commodities changed from home businesses to machine-aided production in factories. This was after the factory system evolved from the cottage industry just at the beginning of Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century. The cottage industry was driven by workers who would buy raw materials from merchants and then take it home so that they could produce specificRead MoreIndustrialization During The Late Abraham Lincoln1052 Words   |  5 Pageschange and industrialization created a huge gap between the rich and the poor and made it hard to rise to the top. Industrialization changed America from an agricultural country to one based on manufacturing goods and services. This change created advancement and expansion for the nation as a whole. Industrialization was very helpful to the economy but was an impediment for the working class, like Sam Patch. In the book, Sam Patch by Paul E. Johnson, it is evident how industrialization restrictedRead MoreThe French Indian War And The American Colonization Of North America1326 Words   |  6 Pagesmostly due to issues and events in Europe, the British left the colonists to their own devices (salutary neglect) and they prospered until the French-Indian War (1754-1763). The spirit of independence cultivated in the American colonists during the past era was challenged by the heightened British presence after the French-Indian War. The colonists increasingly resented the high tariffs placed to eliminate British debt and the colonists protested the British until open rebellion was sparked at LexingtonRead MoreEssay on Life Pre and Post Industrial Revolution938 Words   |  4 PagesLife pre and post of Industrialization Life of people has gone through since the industrial revolution. Lives of people including men, women and children use to be lot different before the revolution and post revolution. The revolution helped certain people in many ways but also there were side effects which were seen in the lives and are seen post revolution. Industrialization has affected many people in particular to the lives of women and men to their way of working. The paper will focus on theRead MoreEssay on The Second Industrial Revolution1444 Words   |  6 Pagesnations industrial energies were focused on completing the railroad and telegraph networks of the North, rebuilding those of the South, and expanding those of the West. 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Sex Trafficking And Its Effects On Society - 1416 Words

Force, fraud, or coercion to commit a commercial sex act with either an adult or causing a minor to commit the commercial sex act is called sex trafficking (shared hope). In other words, it is another name for sex slavery. In a journal article I read called â€Å"The Frequency of Burns Among the Victims of Sex Trafficking in Some Lower-Middle-Income Countries† by Mohsen Rezaeian, he wrote, â€Å"human trafficking can be considered as the mediator of modern slavery. Evidence suggests that human trafficking is going to surpass other varieties of trafficking including arms and drugs. It has been estimated that annually sex trafficking of young females is worth $32 billion. This explains why 49% and 21% of detected modern day slave victims are women and girls, respectively.† (Science Direct) When I think about slavery, I think about the horrific acts of slavery in the 1800’s, where African Americans were treated as the scum between our toes. Sex slavery, or sex traff icking, to me, is treating those victims the same as the African Americans were treated. Victims are lured into the business with numerous promises, all they have to do it commit the horrendous act. Being involved in prostitution, sexual performance, or pornography for something like money, food, clothes, drugs, or shelter is committing a commercial sex act. The ways that the traffickers, or pimps, recruit their victims comes in many different shapes and sizes. They could promise them love and protection, or jobs with hugeShow MoreRelatedSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. 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Neither has the world ever been in a place where sexually explicit material is so accessible to everyone, in the privacy of their own homes, due to the internet. Because of the growth of the social acceptance and universal accessibility of pornography, the effects have been widespread and damaging. PornographyRead MoreThe Worlds Oldest Profession1574 Words   |  7 Pagesterrible lifestyle. In today’s society, sex sells. There are many factors that are making sex a commodity that can be bought or sold. There is a quote that states â€Å"Prostitution is the world s oldest profession†. Some find this statement true but there are many advocates groups who are fighting to end this profession. In this paper we will explore the history, the business side, the players who are involve in the world of prostitution and how it is related to sex trafficking. Also the different factorsRead MoreGlobalization And Sexuality1247 Words   |  5 Pagesare sexual trafficking and sexual slavery. 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In this present paper, the hypotheses on the primary causes of global human trafficking will be identified. There are three majorRead MoreThe introduction of new technological advanced innovations and methods during the Market Revolution1700 Words   |  7 Pagesoutcomes due to the spread of ideas, goods, and services, many neglect the detrimental results. Due to modern mechanism of transportation and production, ideas, goods and services arent the only things transported across national borders. Human trafficking, the transportation of people across international borders, increased tremendously after the Market Revolution and continues to be a dominant issue in present day. 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When human beings are manipulated into work, sexual servitude, or economic hardship, human trafficking is occurring. In the year of 2006, only one individual is convicted of human trafficking per 800 victims (UNGIFT). By looking at straight stati stics, reasons human trafficking happens, and the

Corporate Reporting of Greenhouse Gas †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Reporting of Greenhouse Gas. Answer: Introduction: In Sydneys Imperial Arcade, Woolworths Stupendous Bargain Basement was opened on December 5th 1924, for business. According to the founding CEO of Woolworths Every city needs a Woolworths: Sydney has it now. Every man, woman and child needs a handy place where good things are cheap, but he did not know that words said by him become the part of team values after 92 years. Woolworths team never intends to develop this business into a chain but after the opening of store on Queen Street in Brisbane, they are ready to develop chain. During the period of depression, businesses are breaking down in the world but situations are different in case of Woolworths because of continuous growth of business. After this success, Woolworths opened new store in 1929 in New Zealand, and by the year 1930 Woolworths opened 16 stores across the New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia (Woolworths n.d.). The main goal of the company is to put its customer first, across all the brands of the company, and for achieving this goal five priorities are set by the company that is: Company focus on building a customer, culture related to store-led, and team. Company wants to generate sustainable sales in food products. Company try to evolve the business related to drinks for the purpose of providing value and convenience to customers. Portfolio business of the company is empowered by management for the purpose of implementing strategies and delivering shareholders value. Company intends to become a retailer by developing their system excellence and end-to-end process (Woolworths, n.d.). Industry in which Woolworths operate: Woolworths group operates in retailing sector such as Woolworths operates food group, endeavor drinks, and other portfolio businesses. Woolworths Food group includes many programs such as Rewards, Woolworths supermarket, countdown, and Thomas dux. Endeavour drinks include BWS, Dan Murphys, and cellarmasters. Lastly, portfolio business of Woolworths includes Big W, EziBuy, and Hotels (Woolworths, n.d.). Number of staff in Australia: in Australia, Woolworths is the largest supermarket chain which was operating almost 961 stores across Australia. Woolworths employed almost 111000 employees in their stores, distribution centers, and support offices for the purpose of providing best services and convenience to the customers (Woolworthss, n.d.). Number of staff at global level: company employed almost 205000 employees at global level in almost 3000 or more stores who serves almost 29 million customers every week (Woolworths, n.d.). Location of headquarters: Companies headquarter is situated in Bella Vista, Australia. Policies and regulatory frameworks are applied by Australian governments for the purpose of reducing emissions, before more than 2 decades. These regulatory frameworks state the standards for labeling as well as for minimum performance, and it also set codes and restriction on land clearing. A diversified range of trading schemes has been implemented for the purpose of promoting renewable energy, reductions related to emissions in land sector, efficient use of energy, and general emissions reduction. Australian government passed legislation in 2011 for the purpose of creating carbon pricing mechanism which is also known as a cap-and-trade emissions trading scheme. The intention of government behind this is to repel the legislation, and implementation of direct action plan. The main provision of this plan is Emissions Reduction Fund, which is used to purchase emissions reductions through a reverse auction. Government introduces the policy initiatives in Australia for reducing emission s. These policy initiatives states the policy measures for addressing the issues related to climate change, describe the policies related to climate change which are existing in Australia for reducing emissions, and it states the new policies proposed by government of Australia (Australian Government, n.d.). At the time when National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 (Cth) (NGER Act) was introduced by the government, already 15 Federal and state Australian schemes exist in Australia, and these schemes state the obligation require of reporting of data related to emissions. Nine federal and state schemes out of these 15 schemes require compulsory reporting. Many reasons are there which put pressure on government or policy makers for framing policy related to effective climate change, and these are described here: in 1988, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by government, and it is recognized as scientific body by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program for the purpose of providing information on climate change science. In 1990, first assessment report issued by IPCC result in formation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as the global body for the purpose of introducing greenhouse gas emi ssions and obligations related to international reporting. This agreement was signed by the parties at the Rio de Janeiro Summit in 1992 and in 1994 it is entered into force in Australia (Wit Coonam, 2008). Government introduced legislation related to Clean Energy Future Package in 2011, and named as The Clean Energy Act 2011 (Cth). This Act was established for achieving the long term goals such as reduce emission by 80% by 2050, and also contributes at global level in limiting the global warming to no more than 2 degrees above pre industrial level. Other major elements of this Act states carbon price that covers almost half of Australias emissions, and it also include the CFI under which incentives are provided to those who reduces emissions in the land sector. A broader suit of initiatives related to particular sector are also introduced in the Act, and important role is played by local and state governments at all levels such as these governments implemented land use controls, energy efficiency and renewable energy programs. RET, CFI, and carbon pricing mechanism are the main legislated tools conducted at Commonwealth Government level. These stated policies and some other policies ar e applied on these particular activities, and these policies are stated below: Renewable Energy Target- the main purpose of this policy is to manage the investment in renewable energy, and it also creates the guaranteed market for those renewables which are using a tradable certificate scheme for the purpose of arranging both large scale projects as well as small scale projects. Carbon pricing mechanism- in 2012, operation related to this policy has begun in 2012, and as per the requirements of this policy it is necessary for largest greenhouse gas emitters in Australia to report and these policies also held them legally liable for such emissions, and if any reduction is done by anization then incentives has been given to them (Neilson, n.d.). Following are some international treaties and agreements which affected the products and services of Woolworths Group: UNFCCC- In 1992, members of UN created the most important treaty at international level related to climate change known as The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC). The main aim of this treaty is to stabilize the atmosphere from greenhouse gas concentrations at that level so that it will be able to prevent the climate system from dangerous anthropogenic interference. For individual countries no limits related to greenhouse gas emissions are set up by the treaty, and this treaty does not contain any enforcement mechanism. In such case. This treaty is not considered as binding treaty at legal level, but still parties of this treaty has to submit national inventories related to greenhouse gases emissions. However, this treaty provides framework which deals with the negotiation of specific international treaties known as protocols, and these protocols set binding limits on greenhouse gases. Out of these protocols, there is one protocol known as Kyoto Pro tocol and it was signed in 1995. Kyoto protocol states obligations on developed countries for reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (Carbon Expert, n.d.). Cancum Agreements: these agreements are the set of significant decisions made by the community set up at international level for the purpose of addressing the long term challenges related to climate change from time to time, and it also state the provisions related to take stipulated action for providing global response. This agreement was introduced on 11th December 2010 in Cancun, Mexico at United Nations Climate Change Conference. This conference represents the future plans for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions and it also state plans for helping the developing nations from impacts of climate change and build sustainable future for them. The main aim of this agreement is stated below: This agreement stated the clear goal for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions generated by human beings over time for the purpose of keeping the average temperature at global level below two degrees. This agreement encourages the all countries to participate in reducing these emissions by imposing different responsibilities on each country on the basis of countrys capabilities. This agreement ensures transparency at international level related to the actions taken by the countries, and it also ensures the progress at global level for the purpose of reviewing the goal on timely basis. Cancum agreements mobilize the development and transfer of clean technology for the purpose of boosting efforts related to climate change by getting it to the right place at right time and for the best effect. These agreements provide funds to the developing countries in short term and long term, so that they can take effective actions and achieve the goal set by the company. These agreements assist the important people at global level for adopting the inevitable impacts related to climate change. It helps in protecting the forests at global level because forests are major repository of carbon, and it also helps in building the global capacity especially in case of developing countries to meet the all the challenges. For the purpose of ensuring the fulfillment of these objectives, various effective institutions and systems are established (UNFCCC, n.d.; UN, n.d.).Paris Agreement- In December 2015, this agreement was adopted by 195 countries at the at the Paris climate conference (COP21). This agreement is the legally binding global climate deal. This agreement is the bridge between the todays policies and climate-neutrality before the end of the century, and following are some key elements of this agreement: Mitigation (Reducing Emissions): governments agreed to set long term goal for increasing the average temperature at global level to well below 2C above pre-industrial levels; they aim to increase the limit to 1.5 degree Celsius because it would reduce the risk related to climate change; they recognize that in case of developing countries reductions related to emissions take some time; and they try to reduce the emission level with the best available technologies. It must be noted that before the Paris conference, national climate action plans (INDCs) are submitted by the countries. Transparency: all governments of member states are agreed to come together in every five years for the purpose of setting more ambitious targets as required by science; they report to each other as well as public on how they are achieving those targets; and they track their process in achieving long term goal through their robust transparency and accountability system. Adaptation: governments of member states agreed to strengthen the ability of society for the purpose of dealing with the changes occurred in climate; and this agreement also provide international support to developing countries for the purpose of adaptation. Loss and damage: this agreement state the importance of minimizing and addressing loss and damage related to the adverse effects of climate change; and it acknowledges the need for cooperating and increasing the understanding, action and support in the different areas of system (European Commission, n.d.; UNFCCC, n.d.). As per the company towards the environment, company frames various policies to make its supply chain more sustainable and it also aims to reduce the carbon emission. Targets are set by the company in year 2007, and company try to achieve these goals by 2015. Strategy set by Woolworths group covers Carbon emissions and climate change, Water, packaging, and Waste and recycling (Woolworths, n.d.). References: Australian Government. Chapter 6 Australias action on climate change. Available at: https://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/node/125. Accessed on 26th April 2017. Carbon expert. International Climate Change Legislation. Available at: https://carbonexpert.ro/en/co2-emissions/climate-change-international-treaties/. Accessed on 26th April 2017. European Commission. Climate Change. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/paris_en. Accessed on 26th April 2017. https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AURELawJl/2008/5.pdf. Neilson, L. Emissions control policies. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook43p/emissioncontrol. Accessed on 26th April 2017. UN and Climate Change. Available at: https://www.un.org/climatechange/towards-a-climate-agreement/. Accessed on 26th April 2017. UNFCCC. Paris Agreement - Status of Ratification. Available at: https://unfccc.int/2860.php. Accessed on 26th April 2017. UNFCCC. The Cancun Agreements. Available at: https://unfccc.int/cancun/cancun-agreements/main-objectives-of-the-agreements/index.html#c33. Accessed on 26th April 2017. Voluntary or mandatory. Available at: Accessed on 26th April 2017. Wit, E. Coonam, E. (2008). Corporate reporting of greenhouse gas emissions: is it Woolworths Group. About us. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/. Accessed on 26th April 2017. Woolworths Group. Environment and sustainability. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/community-and-responsibility/group-responsibility/environment/. Accessed on 26th April 2017. Woolworths Group. Our History. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/The_Woolworths_Story/How_We_Were_Founded/. Accessed on 26th April 2017. Woolworths Group. Portfolio Businesses. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/portfolio-businesses/. Accessed on 26th April 2017. Woolworths Group. Strategy and objectives. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-approach/strategy-and-objectives/. Accessed on 26th April 2017. Woolworths Group. Woolworths Supermarkets. Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/supermarkets/Woolworths. Accessed on 26th April 2017.

Yo Quiero Taco Bell free essay sample

UC Prompt: Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud and how does it relate to the person you are? Common App: Evaluate a significant experience, achievement, risk you have taken, or ethical dilemma you have faced and its impact on you. â€Å"What are you?† a girl asks me. â€Å"What do you mean?† It should be obvious. I’m a person, a living, breathing, human being. I’m a girl who likes to read and play beach volleyball. I have lived in four different places, enjoy public speaking and learned to skimboard in only one day. â€Å"Like I’m half Italian and half Portuguese.† It’s nice to meet you half Italian and half Portuguese. â€Å"Oh! I’m Mexican.† â€Å"Wow†¦ really? You don’t seem very Mexican†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I can’t blame the poor girl; she’s not the first and will not be the last to doubt my Hispanic descent. We will write a custom essay sample on Yo Quiero Taco Bell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the outside I don’t appear as your stereotypical Latin-American teenager; my skin is pale during the winter and fall, my eyes change color but have never been brown, and I have both of my eyebrows without the need to pencil them on. I can’t roll my R’s, and have a low tolerance for spicy food. I enjoy Taco Bell and my name isn’t Maria. For these reasons I’ve been told by society that I’m not â€Å"a real Mexican,† and as a result, I believed it. I shunned my Hispanic family culture, from openly declaring that I did not like Mexican food despite my weakness for tamales and enchiladas to avoiding my own Grandmother, a first generation American from Mexico who speaks only Spanish because I was embarrassed to speak the language of the culture I wished to disown. However, as I’ve grown older and learn to be more critical of the statements of society I’ve realized that my family’s Hispanic tradition has molded me to become more â€Å"Mexican† than my phenotype ever could have. From an early age I’ve learned that those who can endure the pain of work shall reap the rewards, from cramming for an AP test, running the last stretch of a 400m to picking strawberries in a field. I’ve also been taught that no matter what, family comes first. At Christmas time, regardless of relation, everyone becomes my Tia or Tio and I become Mija, daughter of everyone. I’ve learned our culture’s perseverance from my father, he managed to pay his own way through medical school, becoming one of the first in his family to go to college, setting an example for my siblings and me. From my Mother I’ve learned not only to embrace my heritage, but also to be proud of it. Even though I don’t parade around school with the flag of Mexico on my backpack, I will gladly tilt my head back and let loose the deafening laugh my family is famous for despite the occasional glare from my peers. I am thankful for the way I look. It has taught me that even though being Mexican does not define me, it has helped shape and become a part of the person I am. My name is Carina Bianca and though my skin is pale and my eyes are not brown, I am a full-blooded Mexican and will not be told otherwise.

Free Essays on Mattel

12 June 2001 1) What was Jill Barad’s primary goal for Mattel in 1996? What strategy did she choose in order to pursue these goals? Answer: The primary goal of Jill Barad for Mattel was to increase earning per shares by 15% per annum compounded before the effects of any acquisitions. The following are the 4 elements of her strategies: 1. Continue with the highly profitable practice of extending the company’s existing brands (e.g. she had plans to further develop a line of collectible Barbie dolls); 2. Develop new product categories, particular in boy’s toys and board games where Mattel had traditional been weak. It could be accomplished through internal product development or by acquiring an emerging company and then growing its business through further investments. 3. Expanding overseas market sales to more than 50% of Mattel’s total; 4. Cost reductions by outsourcing production to low-cost foreign factories in places such as China. 2) Why did Barad’s strategies fail to generate the profit growth she had planned? Could better planning have helped Barad anticipate market trends? Answer: The following are the number of problems that had stymied Barad’s strategies: l Parents were buying fewer toys and shifting their spending to computer software and video games for their children; l Parents were shifting the spending to competing dolls such as Pleasant Company’s highly successful line of American Girl dolls; l As Disney’s most recent animated movies had been less successful than expected, the related toy sales had suffered accordingly; l The popularity of the Barbie brand had declined, partly because of changing fashions. If Barad had awareness of external threat that computer were becoming more popular to families, which parents might use it to entertain and educate their children and the lack of creativity of recent toys, her planning might have more consideration on innovative products. The same situat... Free Essays on Mattel Free Essays on Mattel 12 June 2001 1) What was Jill Barad’s primary goal for Mattel in 1996? What strategy did she choose in order to pursue these goals? Answer: The primary goal of Jill Barad for Mattel was to increase earning per shares by 15% per annum compounded before the effects of any acquisitions. The following are the 4 elements of her strategies: 1. Continue with the highly profitable practice of extending the company’s existing brands (e.g. she had plans to further develop a line of collectible Barbie dolls); 2. Develop new product categories, particular in boy’s toys and board games where Mattel had traditional been weak. It could be accomplished through internal product development or by acquiring an emerging company and then growing its business through further investments. 3. Expanding overseas market sales to more than 50% of Mattel’s total; 4. Cost reductions by outsourcing production to low-cost foreign factories in places such as China. 2) Why did Barad’s strategies fail to generate the profit growth she had planned? Could better planning have helped Barad anticipate market trends? Answer: The following are the number of problems that had stymied Barad’s strategies: l Parents were buying fewer toys and shifting their spending to computer software and video games for their children; l Parents were shifting the spending to competing dolls such as Pleasant Company’s highly successful line of American Girl dolls; l As Disney’s most recent animated movies had been less successful than expected, the related toy sales had suffered accordingly; l The popularity of the Barbie brand had declined, partly because of changing fashions. If Barad had awareness of external threat that computer were becoming more popular to families, which parents might use it to entertain and educate their children and the lack of creativity of recent toys, her planning might have more consideration on innovative products. The same situat...

Jean Piaget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jean Piaget - Essay Example The main role in the process of cognition belongs to mental abilities of person: infants are born with certain schemes operating at birth (reflexes), but while in animals these schemes control behavior throughout life human beings use them to adapt to the environment and develop their cognitive abilities. Piaget identifies four periods of cognitive development: sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete-operational, and formal-operational. Each of these periods is associated with mastering certain skills and abilities such as use of symbols, abstract thinking, etc: Pre-operational stage (toddler and early childhood): intelligence is demonstrated through the use of symbols, improvements in the use of language, development of memory and imagination. However, thinking remains illogical and nonreversible; egocentric thinking dominates during this stage; Concrete operational stage (elementary and early adolescence): intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Operational thinking develops (mental actions that are reversible) while egocentric thinking diminishes. Formal operational stage (adolescence and adulthood): intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts.

Structural design for serviceability Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Structural design for serviceability - Thesis Example As standards advance toward probability-based limit state design methods, serviceability issues are expected to become an integral part of design consideration. Whether a structure has passed a limit state is really a matter of perception. As far as the ultimate limit state is concerned, the perception is technical, and there are sets of rules and regulations which are established by building codes. However, in the case of serviceability limit the perception is often non-technical, as they involve the judgments and anticipations of occupants. As a consequence, serviceability limits in general have not been codified since desirable limits frequently alter from application to application. Hence, they remain a matter of contractual agreement between the owner and designer, and thus are not specified in the building codes. The purpose of the current project will be to explore and gather the history of serviceability criteria used for various types of structures. Design deflection and vibration criteria will be relaxed by increasing the floor span and reducing the member size, and the likely effects will be perceived. The paper will later look into possible techniques used for improving structural stiffness without incurring additional cost and materials. The objectives of this study are: to gain better understanding of structural serviceability performance needs of each country, to exchange data on structural serviceability and to develop performance-based design procedures for structural serviceability. The object of serviceability design is acceptable performance during expected service conditions for the design life. The objective maybe is to prevent damage to ceiling plaster or wall glazing elements to maintain a pleasing appearance or to prevent uncomfortable movement. Deflection is typically limited to some proportion of the span. Building construction may be such that there is a wall located near the

Social Science Journals and Impact Factor Essay Example for Free

Social Science Journals and Impact Factor Essay There is a proper way to deal with journalists that commit misconducts in their research publications in social sciences journals. Policies and procedures have been put into place to assist in the proper handling of researchers when they behave unethically. Editors must protect the integrity of the journals and the research, when allegations of research misconduct arise. This can pose a difficult task. Journals have had to rethink how to deal with such allegations and misconduct. â€Å"Editors must also think about the potential legal liability if the innocent scientists reputation has become damaged† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). Scientists need to remain credible and reputable, so accusations of unethical misconduct involved in their research can cause an uproar. The Committee on Publication Ethics, also know as COPE, issues an agreement that stated journals must develop misconduct policies, in 1999, and in 2006, issued standard procedures for handling with the misconduct in scientific journals. It is not yet a requirement, but a guidance of how situations should be handled when misconduct is brought to the attention of the editors of the publications. Research was done regarding the number of scientific journals had, in place, a policy detailing the use and reporting of unethical research practices. According to the article, â€Å"A misconduct policy is defined as statements about the definition of misconduct or procedures for responding to misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). For example, the policy described â€Å"how to report allegations of misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010), and â€Å"how to correct the scientific literature in response to misconduct† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddada, 2010). The definitions of misconduct would not be limited to the U.S. Federal governments definition of misconduct: fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. Other types of misconduct must be recognized as well, such as animal abuse or misuse of human subjects. The research shows that â€Å"less than half of the journals in the combined data set had formal misconduct policies† (Resnik, Patrone, Peddad a, 2010), although it is recommended by COPE. It is thought that since editors have been made conscious of the misconduct in the scientific research, that more misconduct policies would be in place by now. It is thought that maybe many journals have not developed these policies yet,  because journal editors do not view misconduct as a common problem when they should. Many editors view the misconduct as a something that happens on a rare occasion and are not motivated to develop the policies that are needed to properly handle it. If this issue was properly handled, accusations could not be made, as long as proper protocols were in place and followed appropriately. These kinds of policies have more benefits and a sort of security, but when writing for journals that do not have them in place can be dangerous to the reputations of the researchers and the publishers. Less than half of the reported journals have policies in place, and it would be beneficial to the rest of them to follow suit. The people effected by the misconduct of unethical journals are the participants in the research, as well as the publication the journal is referenced in. If it became a requirement of the social science journals to have policies in place, less accusations would be made about the behavior of the editors and journalists. It is important to remain completely ethical and avoid tarnishing the reputation of the scientists and journalists involved in the publications. This will help aim the publications to remain full of integrity and regarded as highly ethical. More support will come from journals that are deemed ethical, than those that are not, especially in the social science department. It is hopeful that in the near future more editors around the globe will obtain policies that require ethical research to be conducted in order for the research to become published. This would effect not only the reputations of the editors and journals, it would improve the reliability of the information that is provided in the research. It is the opinion of many in the field of social science research, that policies and procedures for handling unethical research practices are put in place, so that their years of hard work and dedication does not become undeniable. One accusation to a scientist could lead to many accusations of past and all future research. So if the guidelines were presently in place, this could be avoided. Until that happens, though, there will remain a certain percent of scientific research that is deemed unethical, and most likely will not be published. References Resnik, D. B., Patrone, D., Peddada, S. (2010). Research Misconduct Policies of Social Science Journals and Impact Factor. Accountability In Research: Policies Quality Assurance, 17(2), 79-84. doi:10.1080/08989621003641181

Thomas Pynchons Mason & Dixon and Gravitys Rainbow :: Mason Dixon

Thomas Pynchon's Mason & Dixon and Gravity's Rainbow ....."Snow-Balls have flown their Arcs..." These words begin the wondrous passage that introduces us to the world of Thomas Pynchon's latest masterpiece, Mason & Dixon. In an obvious parody of "A screaming comes across the sky," the opening of Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon sets the mood and pace for the rest of the novel. In contrast to the mindless pleasures, hopeless desperation, and ubiquitous death that dominate virtually every page of his apocalyptic earlier work, this novel begins with a joyful snowball fight between children on the streets of eighteenth-century Philadelphia. Indeed, the rest of the novel generally maintains this playful and happy tone. Unlike the sexually disturbed and socially displaced isolates that make up Pynchon's cast of prior heroes (or more aptly "anti-heroes"), the book focuses on the relationship of two normal men, Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason, who form an incredible bond of friendship. Needless to say, this has lead critics to wonder precisely what has happened to Pynchon in the last twenty years. Has marriage softened the author? Is this a "kinder, gentler" Pynchon for the nineties? To some extent, the fact that critics are still scrambling to explain the extreme differences between his previous work and Mason & Dixon may explain the relative paucity of literary criticism available on the new book to date. .....I would like to take a small first step towards a better understanding of Mason & Dixon by considering Pynchon's conception of history, a theme which is crucial to both it and Gravity's Rainbow. In spite of all the differences, Mason & Dixon remains a scathing indictment of conventional history as true to Pynchon as any of his other works. Furthermore, beyond setting the mood and providing self-parody, the opening is the first of many passages which both link the book to Gravity's Rainbow, and suggest that beneath the happy surface of the novel lie omens of a bleak future. In this context, Mason & Dixon can be read as a meditation on the era in which the technology, philosophy, politics, and economics that plague the twentieth century were just being conceived. For Pynchon, modern history has a destructive trajectory like that of a rocket, a path that begins around the time Mason and Dixon are working on their line, and ends in the nightmarish world of Gravity's Rainbow. .....Despite the fact that most of Pynchon's views remain a matter of constant debate in literary circles, scholars of Gravity's Rainbow seem to agree that Pynchon views history with a harshly skeptical postmodern eye. Thomas Pynchon's Mason & Dixon and Gravity's Rainbow :: Mason Dixon Thomas Pynchon's Mason & Dixon and Gravity's Rainbow ....."Snow-Balls have flown their Arcs..." These words begin the wondrous passage that introduces us to the world of Thomas Pynchon's latest masterpiece, Mason & Dixon. In an obvious parody of "A screaming comes across the sky," the opening of Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon sets the mood and pace for the rest of the novel. In contrast to the mindless pleasures, hopeless desperation, and ubiquitous death that dominate virtually every page of his apocalyptic earlier work, this novel begins with a joyful snowball fight between children on the streets of eighteenth-century Philadelphia. Indeed, the rest of the novel generally maintains this playful and happy tone. Unlike the sexually disturbed and socially displaced isolates that make up Pynchon's cast of prior heroes (or more aptly "anti-heroes"), the book focuses on the relationship of two normal men, Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason, who form an incredible bond of friendship. Needless to say, this has lead critics to wonder precisely what has happened to Pynchon in the last twenty years. Has marriage softened the author? Is this a "kinder, gentler" Pynchon for the nineties? To some extent, the fact that critics are still scrambling to explain the extreme differences between his previous work and Mason & Dixon may explain the relative paucity of literary criticism available on the new book to date. .....I would like to take a small first step towards a better understanding of Mason & Dixon by considering Pynchon's conception of history, a theme which is crucial to both it and Gravity's Rainbow. In spite of all the differences, Mason & Dixon remains a scathing indictment of conventional history as true to Pynchon as any of his other works. Furthermore, beyond setting the mood and providing self-parody, the opening is the first of many passages which both link the book to Gravity's Rainbow, and suggest that beneath the happy surface of the novel lie omens of a bleak future. In this context, Mason & Dixon can be read as a meditation on the era in which the technology, philosophy, politics, and economics that plague the twentieth century were just being conceived. For Pynchon, modern history has a destructive trajectory like that of a rocket, a path that begins around the time Mason and Dixon are working on their line, and ends in the nightmarish world of Gravity's Rainbow. .....Despite the fact that most of Pynchon's views remain a matter of constant debate in literary circles, scholars of Gravity's Rainbow seem to agree that Pynchon views history with a harshly skeptical postmodern eye.

Ancient Africa and the Present Slavery Essay

The book â€Å"Segu† is a novel written by Maryse Conde. Set in 1797, the novel a story of the Africans during that era. Interestingly, Conde was able to create a novel that makes the lives of her characters as the most evident proof of the life experienced by people who lived in Mali during the ancient times. Clearly, the issue of religion, norms, and traditions are depicted as important aspects of society that affected the people of Old Mali. Due to the astounding narration of Conde, I was attracted to the characters as well as the history of Mali. I specifically became interested in the detailed narration of the African culture as well as the slavery experienced by the black Africans at the hands of the colonizers. It is interesting to note that, although the Africans were subjected to slavery over 300 years ago, the controversies and issues surrounding slavery still persist. It seems like the wounds caused by slavery are still engraved in the minds and personal history of every individual. Hence, I can only assume that there is still inequality happening not only in Africa but also in the world. Noting that the current African nations are one of the poorest in the world, I have come to conclude that Africans are still subjected to slavery today; only this time, they are now slaves of the current world, as most of the resources mined or produced within the African nations are not utilized and enjoyed by the Africans themselves but acquired by foreigners to serve their own self-interests. Hence, Africans are not given what they deserve to attain and enjoy. It is saddening that after more than 300 years, the African nations in general are still experiencing various conflicts in terms of religion, norms, and traditions. During an era of globalization and international cooperation, one must bear in mind that there is a need for change and development not just in the economic or political aspects but also in the social and cultural outlook. Work Cited Conde, Maryse. Segu. New York: Viking Penguin Inc. , 1987.

Biography of Frank Lloyd Wright, American Architect

Frank Lloyd Wright (born June 8, 1867 in Richland Center, Wisconsin) has been called Americas most famous architect. Wright is celebrated for developing a new type of American home, the Prairie house, elements of which continue to be copied. Streamlined and efficient, Wrights Prairie house designs paved the way for the iconic Ranch Style that became wildly popular in America during the 1950s and 1960s. During his 70-year career, Wright designed over a thousand buildings (see index), including homes, offices, churches, schools, libraries, bridges, and museums. Nearly 500 of these designs were completed, and more than 400 still stand. Many of Wrights designs in his portfolio are now tourist attractions, including his most famous home known as Fallingwater (1935). Built on a stream in the Pennsylvania woods, the Kaufmann Residence is Wrights most impressive example of organic architecture. Wrights writings and designs have influenced 20th century modernist architects and continue to shape the ideas of  generations of architects around the world. Early Years: Frank Lloyd Wright never attended architecture school, but his mother encouraged his building creativity with simple objects after the Froebel Kindergarten philosophies. Wrights 1932 autobiography talks of his toys—the structural figures to be made with peas and small straight sticks, the smooth shapely maple blocks with which to build...form becoming feeling. Colored strips and squares of paper and cardboard combined with Froebel blocks (now called Anchor Blocks) whetted his appetite for building. As a child, Wright worked on his uncles farm in Wisconsin, and he later described himself as an American primitive—an innocent but clever country boy whose education on the farm made him more perceptive and more down-to-earth. From sunrise to sunset there can be nothing so surpassingly beautiful in any cultivated garden as in the wild Wisconsin pastures, Wright wrote in An Autobiography. And the trees stood in it all like various, beautiful buildings, of more different kinds than all the architectures of the world. Some day this boy was to learn that the secret of all styles in architecture was the same secret that gave character to the trees. Education and Apprenticeships: When he was 15, Frank Lloyd Wright entered the University of Wisconsin in Madison as a special student. The school had no course in architecture, so Wright studied civil engineering. But his heart was never in this education, as Wright described himself. Leaving school before graduating, Frank Lloyd Wright apprenticed with two architecture firms in Chicago, his first employer being a family friend, architect Joseph Lyman Silsbee. But in 1887 the ambitious, young Wright had the opportunity to draft interior designs and ornamentation for the more famous architecture firm of Adler and Sullivan. Wright called architect Louis Sullivan the Master and Lieber Meister, for it was Sullivans ideas that influenced Wright his entire life. The Oak Park Years: Between 1889 and 1909 Wright was married to Catherine Kitty Tobin, had 6 children, split from Adler and Sullivan, established his Oak Park studio, invented the Prairie house, wrote the influential article in the Cause of Architecture (1908), and changed the world of architecture. While his young wife kept the household and taught kindergarten with the architects childhood tools of colored paper shapes and Froebel blocks, Wright took on side-jobs,  often called Wrights bootleg homes, as he continued at Adler and Sullivan. Wrights home in the Oak Park suburbs was built with financial assistance from Sullivan. As the Chicago office became more importantly a designer of the new form of architecture, the skyscraper, Wright was given the residential commissions. This was a time of Wright experimenting with design—with the help and input of Louis Sullivan. For example, in 1890 the two left Chicago to work on a vacation cottage in Ocean Springs, Mississippi.  Although damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the Charnley-Norwood House has been restored and is reopened to tourism as an early example of what would become the Prairie home. Many of Wrights side-jobs for the extra money were remodelings, often with the Queen Anne details of the day. After working with Adler and Sullivan for several years, Sullivan was angered to discover that Wright was working outside the office. The young Wright split from Sullivan and opened his own Oak Park practice in 1893. Wrights most notable structures during this period include the Winslow House (1893), Frank Lloyd Wrights first Prairie house; the Larkin Administration Building (1904),  a great fireproof vault in Buffalo, New York; remodeling of the Rookery Lobby (1905) in Chicago; the great, concrete Unity Temple (1908) in Oak Park; and the Prairie house that made him a star, the Robie House (1910) in Chicago, Illinois. Success, Fame, and Scandal: After 20 stable years in Oak Park, Wright made life decisions that to this day are the stuff of dramatic fiction and film. In his autobiography, Wright describes how he was feeling around 1909: Weary, I was losing grip on my work and even my interest in it....What I wanted I did not know....to gain freedom I asked for a divorce. It was, advisedly, refused. Nevertheless, without a divorce he moved to Europe in 1909 and took with him Mamah Borthwick Cheney, the wife of Edwin Cheney, an Oak Park electrical engineer and Wrights client. Frank Lloyd Wright left his wife and 6 children, Mamah (pronounced MAY-muh) left her husband and 2 children, and  they both left Oak Park forever. Nancy Horans 2007 fictional account of their relationship, Loving Frank, remains a top pick in Wright gift shops across America. Although Mamahs husband released her from marriage, Wrights wife would not agree to a divorce until 1922, well after the murder of Mamah Cheney. In 1911, the couple had moved back to US and began to build Taliesin (1911-1925) in Spring Green, Wisconsin. Now I wanted a natural house to live in myself, he wrote in his autobiography. There must be a natural house...native in spirit and the making....I began to build Taliesin to get my back against the wall and fight for what I saw I had to fight. For a time in 1914, Mamah was in Taliesin while Wright worked in Chicago on the Midway Gardens. While Wright was gone, a fire destroyed the Taliesin residence and tragically took the lives of Cheney and six others. As Wright recalls, a trusted servant had turned madman, taken the lives of seven and set the house in flames. In thirty minutes the house and all in it had burned to the stone work or to the ground. The living half of Taliesin was violently swept down and away in a madmans nightmare of flame and murder. By 1914, Frank Lloyd Wright had achieved enough public status that his personal life became the fodder for juicy newspaper articles. As a diversion to his heartbreaking tragedy at Taliesin, Wright left the country yet again to work on the Imperial Hotel (1915-1923) in Tokyo, Japan. Wright kept busy building the Imperial Hotel  (which was demolished in 1968) while at the same time building Hollyhock House (1919-1921) for the art-loving Louise Barnsdall in Los Angeles, California. Not to be outdone by his architecture, Wright commenced yet another personal relationship, this time with the artist Maude Miriam Noel. Still not divorced from Catherine, Wright took Miriam on his trips to Tokyo, which caused more ink to flow in the newspapers. Upon his divorce from his first wife in 1922, Wright married Miriam, which almost instantly dissolved their romance. Wright and Miriam were legally married from 1923 until 1927, but the relationship was over in Wrights eyes. So, in 1925 Wright had a child with  Olga Ivanovna Olgivanna Lazovich, a dancer from Montenegro.  Iovanna Lloyd Pussy Wright was their only child together, but this relationship created even more grist for the tabloids. In 1926 Wright was arrested for what the Chicago Tribune called his marital troubles. He spent two days in the local jail and was ultimately charged with violating the Mann Act, a 1910 law that criminalized bringing a woman across state lines for immoral purposes. Eventually Wright and Olgivanna married in 1928 and stayed married until Wrights death on April 9, 1959 at age 91. Just to be with her uplifts my heart and strengthens my spirits when the going gets hard or when the going is good, he wrote in An Autobiography. Wrights architecture from the Olgivanna period is some of his most outstanding.  In addition to Fallingwater in 1935, Wright established a residential school in Arizona called Taliesin West (1937); created an entire campus for Florida Southern College (1938-1950s) in Lakeland, Florida; expanded his organic architectural designs with residences such as Wingspread (1939) in Racine, Wisconsin; built the iconic spiraling Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (1943-1959) in New York City; and completed his only synagogue in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, Beth Sholom Synagogue (1959). Some people know Frank Lloyd Wright only for his personal escapades—he was married three times and had seven children—but his contributions to architecture are profound. His work was controversial and his private life was often the subject of gossip. Although his work was praised in Europe as early as 1910, it was not until 1949 that he received an award from American Institute of Architects (AIA). Why Is Wright Important? Frank Lloyd Wright was an iconoclast, breaking the norms, rules, and traditions of architecture and design that would affect building processes for generations. Any good architect is by nature a physicist as a matter of fact, he wrote in his autobiography, but as a matter of reality, as things are, he must be a philosopher and a physician. And so he was. Wright pioneered a long, low residential architecture known as the Prairie house, which was ultimately transformed into the modest Ranch style home of mid-century American architecture. He experimented with obtuse angles and circles built with new materials, creating unusually shaped structures such as spiral forms from concrete. He developed a series of low-cost homes that he called Usonian for the middle class. And, maybe most importantly, Frank Lloyd Wright changed the way we think of interior space. From An Autobiography (1932), here is Frank Lloyd Wright in his own words talking about the concepts that made him famous: Prairie Homes: Wright didnt call his residential designs Prairie at first. They were to be new houses of the prairie. In fact, the first prairie home,  the Winslow House, was built in the Chicago suburbs. The philosophy that Wright developed was to blur interior and exterior space, where the interior decor and furnishings would complement the lines of the exterior, which in turn complemented the land on which the house stood. First thing in building the new house, get rid of the attic, therefore, the dormer. Get rid of the useless false heights below it. Next, get rid of the unwholesome basement, yes absolutely—in any house built on the prairie....I could see necessity for one chimney only. A broad generous one,  or at most two. These kept low-down on gently sloping roofs or perhaps flat roofs....Taking a human being for my scale, I brought the whole house down in height to fit a normal one—ergo, 5 8 1/2 tall, say. This is my own height....It has been said that were I three inches taller...all my houses would have been quite different in proportion. Probably. Organic Architecture: Wright liked the sense of shelter in the look of the building, yet he loved the prairie by instinct as a great simplicity—the trees, flowers, sky itself, thrilling by contrast. How does man shelter himself simply and become part of the environment? I had an idea that the horizontal planes in buildings, those planes parallel to earth, identify themselves with the ground—make the building belong to the ground. I began putting this idea to work. I knew well that no house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill. Belonging to it. Hill and house should live together each the happier for the other. New Building Materials: The greatest of the materials, steel, glass, ferro- or armoured concrete were new, wrote Wright. Concrete is an ancient building material used even by the Greeks and Romans, but ferro-concrete reinforced with steel (rebar) was a new technique of building. Wright adopted these commercial methods of construction for residential construction, most famously promoting plans for a fireproof house in a 1907 issue of Ladies Home Journal. Wright rarely discussed the process of architecture and design without commenting on building materials. So I began to study the nature of materials, learning to see them. I now learned to see brick as brick, to see wood as wood, and to see concrete or glass or metal. See each for itself and all as themselves....Each material demanded different handling and had possibilities of use peculiar to its own nature. Appropriate designs for one material would not be appropriate at all for another material....Of course, as I could now see, there could be no organic architecture where the nature of materials was ignored or misunderstood. How could there be? Usonian Homes: Wrights idea was to distill his philosophy of organic architecture into a simple structure that could be constructed by the homeowner or local builder. Usonian homes do not all look alike. For example, the Curtis Meyer House is a curved hemicycle design, with a tree growing through the roof. Yet, it is built with a concrete block system reinforced with steel bars—just like other Usonian houses. All we would have to do would be to educate the concrete blocks, refine them and knit all together with steel in the joints and so construct the joints that they could be poured full of concrete by any boy after they were set up by common labour and a steel-strand laid in the interior joints. The walls would thus become thin but solid reinforced slabs, impressionable to any desire for pattern imaginable. Yes, common labour could do it all. We would make the walls double, of course, one wall facing inside and the other wall facing outside, thus getting continuous hollow spaces between, so the house would be cool in summer, warm in winter and dry always. Cantilever Construction: The Johnson Wax Research Tower (1950) in Racine, Wisconsin may be Wrights most developed use of cantilever construction—the inner core supports each of the 14 cantilevered floors and the entire tall building is sheathed in glass. Wrights most famous use of cantilever construction would be at Fallingwater, but this was not the first. As used in the Imperial Hotel at Tokio it was the most important of the features of construction that insured the life of that building in the terrific temblor of 1922. So, not only a new aesthetic but proving the aesthetic as scientifically sound, a great new economic stability derived from steel in tension was able now to enter into building construction. Plasticity: This concept influenced modern architecture and architects, including the deStijl movement in Europe. For Wright, plasticity was not about the material we know as plastic, but about any material that can be molded and shaped as an element of continuity. Louis Sullivan used the word in relation to ornamentation, but Wright took the idea further, in the structure of the building itself. Wright asked. Now why not let walls, ceilings, floors become seen as component parts of each other, their surfaces flowing into each other. Concrete is a plastic material—susceptible to the impress of imagination. Natural Light and Natural Ventilation: Wright is well-known for his use of clerestory windows and casement windows, about which Wright wrote If it had not existed I should have invented it. He did invent a corner window of mitered glass, telling his construction contractor that if wood can be mitered, why not glass? The windows would sometimes be wrapped around the building corners as inside emphasis of plasticity and to increase the sense of interior space. Urban Design Utopia: As 20th century America grew in population, architects were troubled with the lack of planning by developers. Wright learned urban design and planning not only from his mentor, Louis Sullivan, but also from Daniel Burnham (1846-1912), Chicagos urban designer. Wright set down his own design ideas and architectural philosophies in The Disappearing City (1932) and its revision The Living City (1958). Here is some of what he wrote in 1932 about his utopian vision for Broadacre City: So the various features of the Broadacre City...are primarily and essentially architecture. From the roads that are its veins and arteries to the buildings that are its cellular tissue, to the parks and gardens that are its epidermis and hirsute adornment, the new city will be architecture....So, in the Broadacre City the entire American scene becomes an organic architectural expression of the nature of man himself and of his life here upon the earth. We are going to call this city for the individual Broadacre City because it is based upon a minimum of an acre to the family....It is because every man will own his acre of home ground, that architecture will be in the service of the man himself, creating appropriate new buildings in harmony not only with the ground but harmonious with the pattern of the personal life of the individual. No two homes, no two gardens, none of the three to ten acre farm units, no two factory buildings need be alike. There need be no special styles, but style everywhere. Learn More: Frank Lloyd Wright is immensely popular. His quotations appear on posters, coffee mugs, and many Web pages (see more FLW quotations). Many, many books have been written by and about Frank Lloyd Wright. Here are the few that have been referenced in this article: Loving Frank by Nancy Horan An Autobiography by Frank Lloyd Wright The Disappearing City by Frank Lloyd Wright (PDF) The Living City by Frank Lloyd Wright